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This is a timeline of the
territorial evolution of the borders of Canada, listing each change to the internal and external borders of the country.
Canada became an independent nation in 1867 when three provinces of British North America united to form the new nation. One of these colonies split into two new provinces, three other provinces joined later, and three new provinces were carved from the large interior of the country that was ceded to Canada by the
United Kingdom soon after it formed. Prior to being part of British North America, the provinces that made up the new nation of Canada were part of the colonies of
Canada, New France and Acadia in New France, which were gradually ceded to Kingdom of Great Britain and the United Kingdom after defeat in several wars. The France influence lived on, as the
French language was common in the initial provinces of Canada, and remains one of the two official languages of the country.
The central expanse of Canada was originally settled by the Hudson's Bay Company of the
Kingdom of England, which had a royal monopoly over trade in the region; Rupert's Land was named after the company's first director,
Prince Rupert of the Rhine. The
North West Company later moved into a large portion of the region, and competition and minor hostilities between the two companies forced their merger. The western colony of British Columbia was for a time shared with the United States as
Oregon Country, until the border was fixed at the
49th parallel north. French influence on the western regions of Canada was far less than in the east.
Since it was formed, Canada's external borders have changed six times, and it has grown from four provinces to
Provinces and territories of Canada. It has only lost territory in the small border dispute with the
Dominion of Newfoundland over Labrador, which joined Canada some time later.
Notes
- The Northwest Territories have been made up of several districts, but one of these, the District of Keewatin, once had a higher status than the other districts. Due to this unique status, it is marked independent of the Northwest Territories on this list. In 1905, it was absorbed in to the NWT, and no longer had any special status; it was finally dissolved in 1999 when Nunavut was created.
- The maps used on this page, for simplicity, use the modern version of the borders of Labrador. For much of its history, Quebec claimed Labrador extended only along the coast (the "Coasts of Labrador"), while Newfoundland claimed the larger area. It is Newfoundland's claim that is used.
- The Alaska Boundary Dispute with the United States is not included; it would appear as a very thin strip on the map.
Timeline
July 1 1867
The Dominion of Canada was formed from three provinces of
British North America: the
Province of Canada, which was split into the provinces of Ontario and
Quebec, and the colonies of
New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia.
July 15
1870
The
United Kingdom ceded most of its remaining land in North America to Canada:
Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory became the North-West Territories. The
Rupert's Land Act of 1868 transferred the region to Canada as of 1869, but it was only consummated in 1870 when £300,000 were paid to the
Hudson's Bay Company. At this time, the
Manitoba Act took effect, and a small square of this surrounding the city of Winnipeg was made the province of
Manitoba.
July 20 1871
The United Kingdom colony of British Columbia of
British Columbia became a province.
July 1 1873
The British colony of Prince Edward Island became a province.
1874
The borders of
Ontario were provisionally expanded north and west, anticipating future development and population growth.
April 12 1876
The
District of Keewatin was created in a central strip of the
North-West Territories.
September 1 1880
The United Kingdom ceded its
British Arctic Territories to Canada, and they were made part of the North-West Territories.
July 1 1881
Manitoba's borders were expanded, but a large portion was disputed, as
Ontario also claimed the land.
1882
The
District of Alberta,
Assiniboia, District of Athabasca, and finally the District of Saskatchewan were four
districts of the Northwest Territories created in 1882. They were named
provisional districts to distinguish them from the District of Keewatin which had a more autonomous relationship from the NWT administration.{{Citation | last = Fung, Professor of Geography, University of Saskatchewan.
| first =Dr. K.I.
| author-link =
| last2 =RICHARDS,
| first2 =J. Howard
| author2-link =
| title =Evolution-boundaries-1882: (1969). Atlas of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon: Modern Press.
| date =
| year =
| url =http://www.rootsweb.com/~cansk/maps/evolution-boundaries-1882.html
| accessdate = October 12, 2007-->
1889
The disputed area between
Manitoba and Ontario was awarded to Ontario, whose borders were expanded to the west and north.
1895
The autonomous District of Keewatin was enlarged to the east.
1895
Due to the vastness of the
:en:Districts of the Northwest Territories, it was divided into more administrative districts. 1895 saw the formation of the :en:District of Franklin,
:en:District of Keewatin, :en:District of Ungava and the :en:District of Mackenzie which were all part of the. By this date, the District of Athabasca had extended as far west as the first meridian.{{Citation | last = Fung, Professor of Geography, University of Saskatchewan.
| first =Dr. K.I.
| author-link =
| last2 =RICHARDS,
| first2 =J. Howard
| author2-link =
| title =Evolution-boundaries-1895: (1969). Atlas of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon: Modern Press.
| date =
| year =
| url =http://www.rootsweb.com/~cansk/maps/evolution-boundaries-1895.html
| accessdate = October 12, 2007-->{{Citation
| title =The Atlas of Canada - Territorial Evolution, 1895
| date =
| year =
| url =http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1895
| accessdate = October 12, 2007-->
June 13 1898
Yukon Territory was created from the northwesternmost area of the
North-West Territories, and the borders of
Quebec were expanded towards the north.
1901
The eastern border of
Yukon Territory was adjusted.
September 1 1905
The provinces of
Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from the North-West Territories and
District of Keewatin, the remainder of the latter being reassigned back to the North-West Territories.
May 15
1912
Manitoba,
Ontario, and
Quebec were all expanded into their present-day boundaries. Also, sometime in 1912 the official name of the North-West Territories lost the hyphen, becoming the Northwest Territories, and in 1907, the British colony of
Colony of Newfoundland was granted independence.
March 11 1927
A United Kingdom court decided the issue of the border between
Labrador and
Quebec in Labrador's favour, transferring a small portion of land from Canada to the
Dominion of Newfoundland.
March 31
1949
The
Dominion of Newfoundland and its dependency of
Labrador joined as the province of
Newfoundland and Labrador.
April 1 1999
The territory of
Nunavut is split from the
Northwest Territories. Also, on December 6
2001, the name of the province of Newfoundland became
Newfoundland and Labrador, giving the present-day situation of Canada.
References
Notes
This is a timeline of the
territorial evolution of the borders of Canada, listing each change to the internal and external borders of the country.
Canada became an independent nation in 1867 when three provinces of
British North America united to form the new nation. One of these colonies split into two new provinces, three other provinces joined later, and three new provinces were carved from the large interior of the country that was ceded to Canada by the
United Kingdom soon after it formed. Prior to being part of British North America, the provinces that made up the new nation of Canada were part of the colonies of
Canada, New France and
Acadia in New France, which were gradually ceded to Kingdom of Great Britain and the United Kingdom after defeat in several wars. The
France influence lived on, as the
French language was common in the initial provinces of Canada, and remains one of the two official languages of the country.
The central expanse of Canada was originally settled by the Hudson's Bay Company of the
Kingdom of England, which had a royal monopoly over trade in the region;
Rupert's Land was named after the company's first director,
Prince Rupert of the Rhine. The
North West Company later moved into a large portion of the region, and competition and minor hostilities between the two companies forced their merger. The western
colony of British Columbia was for a time shared with the United States as Oregon Country, until the border was fixed at the 49th parallel north. French influence on the western regions of Canada was far less than in the east.
Since it was formed, Canada's external borders have changed six times, and it has grown from four provinces to Provinces and territories of Canada. It has only lost territory in the small border dispute with the Dominion of Newfoundland over Labrador, which joined Canada some time later.
Notes
- The Northwest Territories have been made up of several districts, but one of these, the District of Keewatin, once had a higher status than the other districts. Due to this unique status, it is marked independent of the Northwest Territories on this list. In 1905, it was absorbed in to the NWT, and no longer had any special status; it was finally dissolved in 1999 when Nunavut was created.
- The maps used on this page, for simplicity, use the modern version of the borders of Labrador. For much of its history, Quebec claimed Labrador extended only along the coast (the "Coasts of Labrador"), while Newfoundland claimed the larger area. It is Newfoundland's claim that is used.
- The Alaska Boundary Dispute with the United States is not included; it would appear as a very thin strip on the map.
Timeline
July 1 1867
The Dominion of Canada was formed from three provinces of British North America: the Province of Canada, which was split into the provinces of
Ontario and
Quebec, and the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
July 15 1870
The United Kingdom ceded most of its remaining land in North America to Canada: Rupert's Land and the
North-Western Territory became the North-West Territories. The
Rupert's Land Act of 1868 transferred the region to Canada as of 1869, but it was only consummated in 1870 when £300,000 were paid to the
Hudson's Bay Company. At this time, the
Manitoba Act took effect, and a small square of this surrounding the city of Winnipeg was made the province of
Manitoba.
July 20 1871
The United Kingdom
colony of British Columbia of
British Columbia became a province.
July 1
1873
The British colony of
Prince Edward Island became a province.
1874
The borders of
Ontario were provisionally expanded north and west, anticipating future development and population growth.
April 12
1876
The District of Keewatin was created in a central strip of the
North-West Territories.
September 1
1880
The United Kingdom ceded its
British Arctic Territories to Canada, and they were made part of the North-West Territories.
July 1 1881
Manitoba's borders were expanded, but a large portion was disputed, as Ontario also claimed the land.
1882
The
District of Alberta, Assiniboia, District of Athabasca, and finally the District of Saskatchewan were four
districts of the Northwest Territories created in 1882. They were named
provisional districts to distinguish them from the
District of Keewatin which had a more autonomous relationship from the NWT administration.{{Citation | last = Fung, Professor of Geography, University of Saskatchewan.
| first =Dr. K.I.
| author-link =
| last2 =RICHARDS,
| first2 =J. Howard
| author2-link =
| title =Evolution-boundaries-1882: (1969). Atlas of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon: Modern Press.
| date =
| year =
| url =http://www.rootsweb.com/~cansk/maps/evolution-boundaries-1882.html
| accessdate = October 12, 2007-->
1889
The disputed area between
Manitoba and
Ontario was awarded to Ontario, whose borders were expanded to the west and north.
1895
The autonomous
District of Keewatin was enlarged to the east.
1895
Due to the vastness of the :en:Districts of the Northwest Territories, it was divided into more administrative districts. 1895 saw the formation of the :en:District of Franklin,
:en:District of Keewatin, :en:District of Ungava and the :en:District of Mackenzie which were all part of the. By this date, the
District of Athabasca had extended as far west as the first meridian.{{Citation | last = Fung, Professor of Geography, University of Saskatchewan.
| first =Dr. K.I.
| author-link =
| last2 =RICHARDS,
| first2 =J. Howard
| author2-link =
| title =Evolution-boundaries-1895: (1969). Atlas of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon: Modern Press.
| date =
| year =
| url =http://www.rootsweb.com/~cansk/maps/evolution-boundaries-1895.html
| accessdate = October 12, 2007-->{{Citation
| title =The Atlas of Canada - Territorial Evolution, 1895
| date =
| year =
| url =http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1895
| accessdate = October 12, 2007-->
June 13 1898
Yukon Territory was created from the northwesternmost area of the
North-West Territories, and the borders of Quebec were expanded towards the north.
1901
The eastern border of
Yukon Territory was adjusted.
September 1
1905
The provinces of
Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from the North-West Territories and District of Keewatin, the remainder of the latter being reassigned back to the North-West Territories.
May 15 1912
Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec were all expanded into their present-day boundaries. Also, sometime in 1912 the official name of the North-West Territories lost the hyphen, becoming the
Northwest Territories, and in 1907, the British colony of Colony of Newfoundland was granted independence.
March 11 1927
A United Kingdom court decided the issue of the border between
Labrador and
Quebec in Labrador's favour, transferring a small portion of land from Canada to the Dominion of Newfoundland.
March 31
1949
The Dominion of Newfoundland and its dependency of Labrador joined as the province of
Newfoundland and Labrador.
April 1 1999
The territory of Nunavut is split from the
Northwest Territories. Also, on
December 6 2001, the name of the province of Newfoundland became Newfoundland and Labrador, giving the present-day situation of Canada.
References
Notes
